S U M M A R I E S  O F  M A J O R  A R T I C L E S

Yu.I. Drobyshev. The Mongols before Chingis-Khan and the Environment

The article is about nature management of Mongol-speaking peoples prior to their uni?cation under power of Chingis-khan and cover time span of IX – beginning of XIII centuries. It is shown Mongols’ hunting, ?shing, cattle breading, and some other forms of their life support. The stages of settling of lands by the Mongols on the present Mongolian territory are traced as well as a process of spiritual and material culture adaptation to these new habitats.

Key words: Mongols, Chingis-khan, wildlife management, migration, adaptation, Ergune-Kun, Three rivers, Burhan-Haldun.

S.I. Hamidullin. The Burdzhans in History of Eurasia

This article is focused on one of the most puzzling questions of ethnic history of Bulgaria, the North Caucasus, Bashkortostan, and in general, the Eurasian steppes in the early medieval. In domestic and foreign science there is a sustainable idea that the term Burdzhan, used by Arab authors of VIII–XV centuries, signi?es the Danubian Bulgaria.

Based on the information of Arabic, Byzantium, Armenian and Bashkir essays, author revises this provision. The study concludes that the Bulgarian kingdom and the Burdzhan principality existed at the same time in the VII– XIII centuries at Balkans, which led to the substitution of the above-mentioned terms.

As follows from the analysis of the sources, the toponym and ethnonym Burdzhan, used by Arabs, in most cases referred to possession of the same name, not to the state of the Danubian Bulgars.

Exceptions that occurred in the works of al-Idrisi, Ibn Khaldun and others can be explained, and they require separate consideration.

The article covers history and ethnic attribution of Burdzhan Kingdom, that had existed in the Northern Caucasus in II–VII centuries, as well as the fate of its population after the Kingdom was destroyed in the result of devastating campaign of the Khalifat army during the Arabic and Khazar wars of the second half of VII century – ?rst third of the beginning of VIII century.

Key words: Berzilija, Burdzhan, Bulgarija, Huns, Suvars.

A.A. Startsev. Trading Business in Old China: Cultural-Civilizational Aspect

The article contains a comparative analysis of the key civilizational and cultural characteristics of trade entrepreneurship in Qing China and Western Europe in the 19th – the early 20th centuries.

Being based on the wide range of works of Russian and foreign diplomats, businessmen and travelers, the research discovers that Chinese trade ?rms created a special type of economic behavior and business rationality, which was completely different from the one of Western Europe, but appropriate to the old China’s society institutionally, spiritually and religiously.

However, under the “great powers” active expansion in the Far East and China’s integration in international economic relations in the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century, the Confucian ethics, as an ideological basis of Chinese entrepreneurship, became an objective obstacle to the technological progress and could not facilitate formation of capitalist relations in the country.

This circumstance had a negative impact on stability of China’s economic and political construction, having failed to respond adequately to the challenge of time, which led to the severe social cataclysms in the beginning of

20th century and as a result – to the downfall of the Qing Empire.

Key words: Tsin Empire, the trade entrepreneurship in the old China, the Confucian ethics, world economic relations.

D.V. Sen. From “Free” Cossacks to Subjects of the Crimean Khans: Cossacks Communities and Caucasus Regions at the End of XVII – the Beginnings of XVIII Centuries

In article questions of initial history of Cossacks of Kuban region (the end of XVII – the beginning of XVIII century), subject Crimean khans are considered. By origin it was the Don Cossacks-Old Believers whom send away to Caucasus, mainly, for the religious reasons. The history of group is presented on a background of unifying processes among several groups of Cossacks, natives from Don Region. In article besides are taken up separate questions of military history and military culture of the Kuban’ Cossacks, their religious life, attitudes with the Crimean khans, with administration of fortress Azak.

Key words: Old Believers, Kuma rivers, Agrachan’ river, Crimea Khanate, the Cossacks, Don region, Kuban region, North Caucasus region, Azak.

A.L. Palkin, A.A. Nistratov. Steady Ethic Stereotypes in Language Consciousness of Modern Japanese

The article investigates the world images of Japanese and Russian ethos’s by means of a semantic differential method. It is assumed that semantic structures are re?ected in everyday consciousness stereotypes related to the images of various ethnicities and can be registered in a semantic experiment. Semantic assessments can be considered as assessments of emotions that arise when one contacts a certain object or as assessments of emotions arising in the course of mastering social experience. This means that the nature of semantic assessment is in identi?cation of a perceived object or a situation with an emotional state trace.

Key words: semantic differential method, language consciousness, traditional system of values, Japanese culture.

V.I. Tetekin. Changes in the Social Structure of the Black Population of South Africa as a Factor of the Elimination of Apartheid

Since the middle of the 20th century the social structure of South African society undergoes significant changes. The increase of the role of manufacturing industry in South African economy led to the rapid growth of the African working class. The percentage of Black South Africans in the structure of the economically active population by

1976 reached 82.1%. At the same time the number of Black peasants is going down while the number of Black small and medium business is going up.

But the white minority regime continued to staunchly defend the system of racial discrimination. It blocked the development of South African economy, created preconditions for economic and political crisis while the living conditions of Africans continued to deteriorate which contributed to the intensification of the liberation movement.

The article is devoted to the analyses of the changes in the social structure of the black population of South Africa and to what extent these changes in?uenced the character and forms of political struggle and helped to eliminate apartheid regime.

Key words: South Africa, apartheid, black population, racial discrimination.

A.I. Salitskiy, V.V. Tatciy. World Economy: a Time of Reappraising?

The article deals with the new situation that has emerged after the 2008–2009 crisis in the world economy. The authors consider the success story of Chinese economic model as undermining for the mainstream liberal theory. Some basic features of this theory look as hampering economic development. In practice, postindustrial world with an overextended ?nancial sector is loosing competition to China where growth is based on industrial development and high rate of investment.

China’s ?nancial power is putting the end to the Western domination on the market of services, including ?nancial services.

The perception of harmonious union of capital and labor on a global scale as the future of world economy (the underlying concept of neoliberalism) had shown its inadequacy. The biggest developing state has approached the phase of self-suf?ciency in capitals, assumed a selective use of foreign capitals, thus actually undercutting the monopoly price of credits. This apparently may lead to reduction of interest rates on the global market.

«Hard currencies» may yet lose some more of their relative value. The whole system of ratings may be changed dramatically.

Key words: world economy and PRC, globalization, regionalization, Peking consensus.

A.I. Yakovlev. Saudi Arabia in the Early 21st Century: State and National Development

The state founded in Arabia in the early 20th c. by King Abdul-Aziz has contributed greatly to the successful modernization of the country.

The Saudi kingdom that originated from a primitive Bedouin society has been radically transformed into a society based on the principles of Arab Muslim civilization and enjoys some cultural, social, and economic achievements of modern Western culture. Saudi society is still in transition but what holds it together (so far) are spiritual bonds manifested in Islam and Tradition and the unifying role of the State in public life. In furthering socioeconomic reforms the government is likely to be guided by the principle of stability rather than ef?ciency, striving to avoid con?icts and harmonize the interests of all social forces.

Key words: State, tradition, modernization, transition, socio-economic development, socio-cultural con?ict.

A.V. Shustov. Transformation of the Ethno-Confessional Structure of the New Independent States of Central Asia

(1990s – the First Decade of 2000s Years)

The ethno-demographic process in the new independent states of Central Asia has changed after decline of the Soviet Union. Rates of demographic growth of the title nations went down. The emigration of “European” population increased. The population size of the “nonindigenous” ethnic groups decreased. As a result, the population size of the basic ethnic and confessional groups changed, and the ethnoconfessional structure of the new independent states of Central Asia became transformed.

Key words: Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia (Kyrgyzstan), Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, migration, demography.

T.G. Skorokhodova. Orientalistic Value of Works of A.V. Men: Hindulogical Aspects

The author considers one of dif?cult and delicate problems of modern humanitarian scienti?c knowledge – understanding spiritual traditions through unbiased research of religiousness, thought and culture of other civilizations, containing in numerous works of A.V. Men (1935–1990). In this light his works devoted to theological, bibles, philosophical and socio-cultural themes, get uncommon methodological value, and its theoretical approaches can be applied with success in the diversi?ed spheres socio-humanitarian researches.

Key words: religious experience, an island A.В. Men, Christian spiritual tradition, Hindu spiritual tradition.

V.M. Rybakov. The Idea of “Victimness” in T’ang Law

The article offers a new and rather nontrivial view on some speci?c norms of the traditional Chinese law. At first glance they seem not more then small-sized illogicalities and incongruities. But it is possible, that actually they reveal a distinct concept of traditional Chinese legal thought. Strange, inexplicable indulgence to some crimes and to some offenders, quite probably, had the same cause: a certain inaccuracy of a victim behavior. Such inaccuracy could be regarded as provoking the crime. It facilitated to the offender selection of a victim and realization of a criminal act. So, the offender merited certain indulgence. We can suppose that general Chinese ideas about the people and their life in society made it impossible for the T’ang legislators to consider the criminal and his crime in a full separation from a victim of the given crime and his preceding behavior. As a result, the severity of punishment in some cases varied according to particular qualities of object of a crime.

Key words: the traditional low, the criminal, a victim, social communications, victimness of behavior.

A.O. Mankova. Japan in the Works of Russian Symbolists

The end of XX and the beginning of XXI century in Russia is time marked by complex changes in each of social and spiritual life of society. One of the peculiarities of this period were cultural contacts between Russia and Japan. Russian intellectuals opened for itself original world of oriental aesthetics, which in most parts of its traits turned out to be close to search of native symbolists and stimulate evolution of creative work.

Key words: Russian symbolists, cultural contacts of Russia and Japan, the Japanese poetic forms, synthesis of painting and poetry, Bryusov, Balmont.